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Abstract
Does clear and transparent communication of risks, benefits, and uncertainties increase or undermine public trust in scientific information that people use to guide their decision-making? We examined the impact of reframing messages written in traditional persuasive style to align instead with recent "evidence communication" principles, aiming to inform decision-making: communicating a balance of risks and benefits, disclosing uncertainties and evidence quality, and prebunking misperceptions. In two pre-registered experiments, UK participants read either a persuasive message or a balanced and informative message adhering to evidence communication recommendations about COVID-19 vaccines (Study 1) or nuclear power plants (Study 2). We find that balanced messages are either perceived as trustworthy as persuasive messages (Study 1), or more so (Study 2). However, we note a moderating role of prior beliefs such that balanced messages were consistently perceived as more trustworthy among those with negative or neutral prior beliefs about the message content. We furthermore note that participants who had read the persuasive message on nuclear power plants voiced significantly stronger support for nuclear power than those who had read the balanced message, despite rating the information as less trustworthy. There was no difference in vaccination intentions between groups reading the different vaccine messages.

When we do historical research, or political science research using primary source historical evidence, a major barrier to transparency is the fact that the archival documents used are inaccessible. Whereas citations to journal articles and, increasingly, books and some other data sources, can usually allow a reader to check evidence within minutes, citations to archival documents can require months or years to verify, if it is even ever possible. This is a serious problem for qualitative and multi-method research in my field, international relations and the study of foreign policy decision-making, which often relies heavily on archival documentary evidence (Moravcsik 2014). Elman, Kapiszewski, and Lupia (2018) claim that scholars "may be unable to imagine a practical way to share" the archival documents they use in their analyses (41). In this symposium contribution, I describe and analyze such a method, that is, annotating a journal article using Annotation for Transparent Inquiry (ATI). This new approach to transparency allowed me to create a digital overlay on top of my published article comprising "annotations." Through those annotations, I could provide instant access to annotated copies of the archival documents my research is based on, and expanded commentary on citations to those archival documents. The annotations thus increase both data access transparency and analytic transparency (see Elman, Kapiszewski, and Lupia 2018, 34 for a discussion of the latter). I also discuss some thoughts on the benefits and costs of using ATI for both the author and the reader, inspired by my experience annotating.

When we do historical research, or political science research using primary source historical evidence, a major barrier to transparency is the fact that the archival documents used are inaccessible. Whereas citations to journal articles and, increasingly, books and some other data sources, can usually allow a reader to check evidence within minutes, citations to archival documents can require months or years to verify, if it is even ever possible. This is a serious problem for qualitative and multi-method research in my field, international relations and the study of foreign policy decision-making, which often relies heavily on archival documentary evidence (Moravcsik 2014). Elman, Kapiszewski, and Lupia (2018) claim that scholars "may be unable to imagine a practical way to share" the archival documents they use in their analyses (41). In this symposium contribution, I describe and analyze such a method, that is, annotating a journal article using Annotation for Transparent Inquiry (ATI). This new approach to transparency allowed me to create a digital overlay on top of my published article comprising "annotations." Through those annotations, I could provide instant access to annotated copies of the archival documents my research is based on, and expanded commentary on citations to those archival documents. The annotations thus increase both data access transparency and analytic transparency (see Elman, Kapiszewski, and Lupia 2018, 34 for a discussion of the latter). I also discuss some thoughts on the benefits and costs of using ATI for both the author and the reader, inspired by my experience annotating.

There is no doubt that we live in exciting times: Ours is the age of many 'silent revolutions' triggered by startups and research labs of big IT companies; revolutions that quietly and profoundly alter the world we live in. Another ten or five years, and self-tracking will be as normal and inevitable as having a Facebook account or a mobile phone. Our bodies, hooked to wearable devices sitting directly at or beneath the skin, will constantly transmit data to the big aggregation in the cloud. Permanent recording and automatic sharing will provide unabridged memory, both shareable and analyzable. The digitization of everything will allow for comprehensive quantification; predictive analytics and algorithmic regulation will prove themselves effective and indispensable ways to govern modern mass society. Given such prospects, it is neither too early to speculate on the possible futures of digital media nor too soon to remember how we expected it to develop ten, or twenty years ago.The observations shared in this book take the form of conversations about digital media and culture centered around four distinct thematic fields: politics and government, algorithm and censorship, art and aesthetics, as well as media literacy and education. Among the keywords discussed are: data mining, algorithmic regulation, sharing culture, filter bubble, distant reading, power browsing, deep attention, transparent reader, interactive art, participatory culture. The interviewees (mostly from the US, but also from France, Brazil, and Denmark) were given a set of common questions as well specific inquiries tailored to their individual areas of interest and expertise. As a result, the book both identifies different takes on the same issues and enables a diversity of perspectives when it comes to the interviewees' particular concerns.Among the questions offered to everybody were: What is your favored neologism of digital media culture? If you could go back in history of new media and digital culture in order to prevent something from happening or somebody from doing something, what or who would it be? If you were a minister of education, what would you do about media literacy? What is the economic and political force of personalization and transparency in digital media and what is its personal and cultural cost? Other recurrent questions address the relationship between cyberspace and government, the Googlization, quantification and customization of everything, and the culture of sharing and transparency. The section on art and aesthetics evaluates the former hopes for hypertext and hyperfiction, the political facet of digital art, the transition from the "passive" to "active" and from "social" to "transparent reading"; the section on media literacy discusses the loss of deep reading, the prospect of "distant reading" and "algorithmic criticism" as well as the response of the university to the upheaval of new media and the expectations or misgivings towards the rise of the Digital Humanities.

There is no doubt that we live in exciting times: Ours is the age of many 'silent revolutions' triggered by startups and research labs of big IT companies; revolutions that quietly and profoundly alter the world we live in. Another ten or five years, and self-tracking will be as normal and inevitable as having a Facebook account or a mobile phone. Our bodies, hooked to wearable devices sitting directly at or beneath the skin, will constantly transmit data to the big aggregation in the cloud. Permanent recording and automatic sharing will provide unabridged memory, both shareable and analyzable. The digitization of everything will allow for comprehensive quantification; predictive analytics and algorithmic regulation will prove themselves effective and indispensable ways to govern modern mass society. Given such prospects, it is neither too early to speculate on the possible futures of digital media nor too soon to remember how we expected it to develop ten, or twenty years ago. The observations shared in this book take the form of conversations about digital media and culture centered around four distinct thematic fields: politics and government, algorithm and censorship, art and aesthetics, as well as media literacy and education. Among the keywords discussed are: data mining, algorithmic regulation, sharing culture, filter bubble, distant reading, power browsing, deep attention, transparent reader, interactive art, participatory culture. The interviewees (mostly from the US, but also from France, Brazil, and Denmark) were given a set of common questions as well specific inquiries tailored to their individual areas of interest and expertise. As a result, the book both identifies different takes on the same issues and enables a diversity of perspectives when it comes to the interviewees' particular concerns.

Among the questions offered to everybody were: What is your favored neologism of digital media culture? If you could go back in history of new media and digital culture in order to prevent something from happening or somebody from doing something, what or who would it be? If you were a minister of education, what would you do about media literacy? What is the economic and political force of personalization and transparency in digital media and what is its personal and cultural cost? Other recurrent questions address the relationship between cyberspace and government, the Googlization, quantification and customization of everything, and the culture of sharing and transparency. The section on art and aesthetics evaluates the former hopes for hypertext and hyperfiction, the political facet of digital art, the transition from the "passive" to "active" and from "social" to "transparent reading"; the section on media literacy discusses the loss of deep reading, the prospect of "distant reading" and "algorithmic criticism" as well as the response of the university to the upheaval of new media and the expectations or misgivings towards the rise of the Digital Humanities.

The adoption of smart card technology in various parts of Africa has reduced electoral malpractices, resulting in election credibility and acceptability. However, its use in Nigeria's electoral process is believed to have downsides. The paper investigates how adopting smart card technology reduced electoral malpractices during the 2019 presidential election, making it more transparent, credible, and reliable than the traditional technique. It uncovers the flaws of the technology in Nigeria, including card reader malfunction, delays in accreditation and voting, the inability of the INEC staff to operate the technology efficiently during voting, and election postponement, among others. It is therefore recommended that the INEC improve public awareness of the use of the technology and train its staff.

With its transparent orthography, Standard Indonesian is spoken by over 160 million inhabitants and is the primary language of instruction in education and the government in Indonesia. An assessment battery of reading and reading-related skills was developed as a starting point for the diagnosis of dyslexia in beginner learners. Founded on the International Dyslexia Association's definition of dyslexia, the test battery comprises nine empirically motivated reading and reading-related tasks assessing word reading, pseudoword reading, arithmetic, rapid automatized naming, phoneme deletion, forward and backward digit span, verbal fluency, orthographic choice (spelling), and writing. The test was validated by computing the relationships between the outcomes on the reading-skills and reading-related measures by means of correlation and factor analyses. External variables, i.e., school grades and teacher ratings of the reading and learning abilities of individual students, were also utilized to provide evidence of its construct validity. Four variables were found to be significantly related with reading-skill measures: phonological awareness, rapid naming, spelling, and digit span. The current study on reading development in Standard Indonesian confirms findings from other languages with transparent orthographies and suggests a test battery including preliminary norm scores for screening and assessment of elementary school children learning to read Standard Indonesian.

"Strategic planning is the starting point for projects and often the primary reason for a project's success or failure. It has the potential to enable every organisation to realise its ideals and actualise its values, whether it be a small start-up business, a large international company, or even an entire society. Project leaders and project orientated organisations need to understand strategic planning to recognise their position and environment, and make rational decisions when selecting and defining their projects and programs. But, those same principles can have broader, more profound, and more ambitious applications, too. Project Strategy is a practical handbook that enables organisations at any size, and employees at all levels within them, to form strategic plans and to be active contributors to them throughout a project's development. Rather than focus on superficial exercises, this book draws from knowledge outside of business and management--humanities, philosophy, psychology, technology and engineering--to create a holistic view and a depth of understanding you would never achieve with SWOT analysis alone. Taking the reader on a pragmatic journey, it teaches self-reflexion, social responsibility and creative thinking with application to their projects and plans, but also to their working relationships and to their organisations. This book is also an ideal introductory book to progressive programs on strategic planning, with a focus on collaborative work, open strategy, and an exploration of open strategic planning on a social level. It provides a wealth of learning tools and best practice case studies to demonstrate best practice. This is the ideal guide to project planning for anyone that wants their planning decisions to be as wise as they are savvy"--

This article examines how "iteration"–the dynamic updating of a research design in the course of conducting a study–contributes to making fieldwork a powerful form of inquiry. Considering epistemic disagreement on the utility and acceptability of iteration and drawing on
published work, our own experiences, and an original survey and interviews, we contend that iteration is a core aspect of field-based inquiry because such work often examines areas for which theory or empirical knowledge is underdeveloped and requires reacting as the research environment evolves.
We demonstrate why iteration is challenging, consider the analytic risks it poses, and offer a framework to help scholars iterate in analytically productive ways. We conclude by outlining the implications for the discipline of embracing and being transparent about iteration.

Abstract
Companies face increasing pressure to adopt social responsibility initiatives while simultaneously providing shareholder value. However, consumers may respond negatively to 'win-win' initiatives that benefit society while bringing financial gain to the corporation, producing a backlash effect. Previous researchers have attributed this backlash effect to the violation of a communal relationship norm that companies trigger in consumers when communicating their win-win initiatives. We propose the alternative hypothesis that the backlash derives from people's deception aversion. We find evidence supporting deception aversion in three preregistered studies showing that companies are evaluated negatively when their actions differ from those implied by their stated prosocial policy and not, as predicted by the communal norm violation hypothesis, when they merely earn a profit. Our results suggest that companies should not fear that earning a profit from prosocial activities will carry reputational risk, so long as they are transparent.

Estudio de la escritura narrativa y poética de Arturo Fontaine como una mediación irresuelta entre los dos espacios mentales contrarios que han regido la producción cultural latinoamericana: el de la sociabilidad casuística (que juzga casos de conciencia mediante normas reveladas: la familia, la tradición, las dictaduras de derecha e izquierda) y el de la sociabilidad moderna (que se esfuerza por resolver la tensión entre orden y libertad de modo dialógico). Mientras el orden de la primera es patrimonial (identidad del bien público con el privado), de modo que las elites gobiernan el Estado como una parcela de su hacienda; el orden de la segunda es democrático-liberal y se rige por la separación de los poderes. Fontaine explora las creencias, ideas, usos y costumbres de estos mundos opuestos a través de un discurso que dialectiza la narración por siluetamientos y montajes parciales. Ambos procesos configuran lo leído como una realidad translúcida, inestable, que replica asuntos universales y actuales: tortura institucional, asesinato de Estado, desaparecimiento del adversario político, etc. ; Arturo Fontaine's narrative and poetic writing is an unresolved mediation between two opposing mental spaces in Latin American cultural production: that of a caustic sociability that evaluates issues of consciousness against norms and institutions such as the family, tradition and dictatorships of left and right and a modern sociability that attempts to dialogically resolve the tension between order and freedom. While order for the first is patrimonial –same identity of public and private good- elites govern the state as an hacienda; order in the later is democratic-liberal and ruled by the separation of powers. Fontain explores the beliefs, ideas, uses and customs of these two opposing worlds with a discourse that dialectilizes narratives through siluettes and montages. Both procedures configure what is read as a transparent and unstable reality that replicates universal and contemporary themes such as institutional torture, state murder, disappearance of the political adversary, etc. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Welche Perspektiven haben schrumpfende Städte in Europa? Wie weltoffen und bürgernah präsentieren sich die deutschen Kommunen? Gibt es in puncto Bürgerbeteiligung einen Mentalitätswandel in den Verwaltungen? Mit welchen Konzepten kann der Haushaltskrise von Städten und Gemeinden begegnet werden? Und wie lassen sich die Bildungsstrukturen einer Region transparent gestalten? Der vorliegende E-Book-Reader ergänzt die Schwerpunktausgabe »Zukunft der Kommunen« unseres Magazins change im Dezember 2014. Die Beiträge befassen sich mit den Themen demographischer Wandel, Willkommenskultur, Bürgerbeteili

AbstractThis study investigates whether orthographic consistency and transparency of languages have an impact on the development of reading strategies and reading sub‐skills (i.e. phonemic awareness and visual attention span) in bilingual children. We evaluated 21 French (opaque)‐Basque (transparent) bilingual children and 21 Spanish (transparent)‐Basque (transparent) bilingual children at Grade 2, and 16 additional children of each group at Grade 5. All of them were assessed in their common language (i.e. Basque) on tasks measuring word and pseudoword reading, phonemic awareness and visual attention span skills. The Spanish speaking groups showed better Basque pseudoword reading and better phonemic awareness abilities than their French speaking peers, but only in the most difficult conditions of the tasks. However, on the visual attention span task, the French‐Basque bilinguals showed the most efficient visual processing strategies to perform the task. Therefore, learning to read in an additional language affected differently Basque literacy skills, depending on whether this additional orthography was opaque (e.g. French) or transparent (e.g. Spanish). Moreover, we showed that the most noteworthy effects of Spanish and French orthographic transparency on Basque performance were related to the size of the phonological and visual grain used to perform the tasks.

There is no doubt that we live in exciting times: Ours is the age of many 'silent revolutions' triggered by startups and research labs of big IT companies; revolutions that quietly and profoundly alter the world we live in. Another ten or five years, and self-tracking will be as normal and inevitable as having a Facebook account or a mobile phone. Our bodies, hooked to wearable devices sitting directly at or beneath the skin, will constantly transmit data to the big aggregation in the cloud. Permanent recording and automatic sharing will provide unabridged memory, both shareable and analyzable. The digitization of everything will allow for comprehensive quantification; predictive analytics and algorithmic regulation will prove themselves effective and indispensable ways to govern modern mass society. Given such prospects, it is neither too early to speculate on the possible futures of digital media nor too soon to remember how we expected it to develop ten, or twenty years ago. The observations shared in this book take the form of conversations about digital media and culture centered around four distinct thematic fields: politics and government, algorithm and censorship, art and aesthetics, as well as media literacy and education. Among the keywords discussed are: data mining, algorithmic regulation, sharing culture, filter bubble, distant reading, power browsing, deep attention, transparent reader, interactive art, participatory culture. The interviewees (mostly from the US, but also from France, Brazil, and Denmark) were given a set of common questions as well specific inquiries tailored to their individual areas of interest and expertise. As a result, the book both identifies different takes on the same issues and enables a diversity of perspectives when it comes to the interviewees' particular concerns. Among the questions offered to everybody were: What is your favored neologism of digital media culture? If you could go back in history of new media and digital culture in order to prevent something from happening or somebody from doing something, what or who would it be? If you were a minister of education, what would you do about media literacy? What is the economic and political force of personalization and transparency in digital media and what is its personal and cultural cost? Other recurrent questions address the relationship between cyberspace and government, the Googlization, quantification and customization of everything, and the culture of sharing and transparency. The section on art and aesthetics evaluates the former hopes for hypertext and hyperfiction, the political facet of digital art, the transition from the "passive" to "active" and from "social" to "transparent reading"; the section on media literacy discusses the loss of deep reading, the prospect of "distant reading" and "algorithmic criticism" as well as the response of the university to the upheaval of new media and the expectations or misgivings towards the rise of the Digital Humanities.

One of the skills of graduate education that is most central to the evaluation of students is their ability to read and report on complex disciplinary texts. The display of comprehension is central to the judgment of competence, creating a status hierarchy. Demonstrating reading prowess is taken as a transparent indication of intelligence. Based on thirty-six ethnographic interviews with graduate students in sociology, history, and economics, we examine how informants think about the establishment of their scholarly reputations through self-presentational skills in discussing reading in seminars, articles, and eventually in the dissertation itself. The ability to read disciplinary texts and to situate those texts within disciplinary contexts is crucial for a validated selfhood.